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., Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division via Popartmachine.com, cph 3b20861. ^ Entry in. ^ Wyden, Barbara, Papers, 1944–1945, Abilene, Kansas.
Jun 12, 1994 In any event, these pressures remained inconsistent and ineffective until the sudden crumbling of Batista's rule in late 1958 sent the Eisenhower Administration scrambling.
1958 edition of Burke's Landed Gentry of Ireland. Korda, Michael (September 2007).
Harper collins. P. 385. ^ Mulligan, Hugh A. (28 May 1995). Associated Press. Retrieved 20 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
![Batista Y Eisenhower Batista Y Eisenhower](/uploads/1/2/5/4/125440727/162280359.jpg)
In the photo linked above, Captain Summersby is wearing the ribbon of the Bronze Star Medal. The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1944.
P. 137. Kieron Wood (Author).
Retrieved 5 October 2016., Monday, 1 December 1952.,21 January 1975. 3 February 1975. Retrieved 19 May 2016. Kay Summersby Morgan, 66, General Dwight Eisenhower's secretary, chauffeur and confidante during World War II; of cancer; in Southampton, N.Y.
Lester, David & Irene David (1981). Ike & Mamie, The Story of the General and his Lady.
Academic Press. ^ Kifner, John (6 June 1991). Retrieved 30 August 2012. (2003). Retrieved 26 November 2011. No evidence exists, beyond the fanciful allegations in a memoir that Summersby did not live to see published.
Hamilton, Nigel (1983). Master of the Battlefield Monty's War Years 1942–1944. McGraw-Hill Book Company. P. 769 footnote. Miller, Merle, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (1974) Putnam Publishing Group.
Mark Perry (2007). P. 363. Stanley Weintraub (2007). Simon and Schuster.
P. 341. Wesley O. Hagood (1998). Citadel Press. P. 134. Nixon, Richard M.
RN: The Memoirs of Richard M. Grosset & Dunlap. P. 379.; Heller, Francis H. (May – June 1995).
American Heritage Magazine. Retrieved 8 November 2011. In the Miller tapes in the Truman Library there is no Truman conversation, nothing, about Kay Summersby. Jean Edward Smith (2012).
Random House Digital, Inc. Pp. 270, 291, 315, 441. Ike: The War Years (1979) by ABC Circle Films (www.imdb.com/title/tt0078628/?ref=ururv)Bibliography.Further reading. Ambrose, Stephen E., Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect 1890–1952 (1983).
Miller, Merle, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (1974) Putnam Publishing Group;.
London: Gollancz Ltd. (1974);; Reprint (2005) by Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers;.
David, Lester & Irene David, Ike & Mamie, The Story of the General and his Lady (1981) Academic Press;. Korda, Michael, Ike, An American Hero HarperCollins, 2007. Perry, Mark, Partners in Command, Penguin Press (2007), New York., Time, 28 May 1945., Time, 27 September 1948. with General, President Truman's cousin, on the Eisenhower letter about Summersby. Ike's Irish Lover, 2016, historical paperback about Kay Summerby's relationship with Ike.External links.
Batista (left) with his first wife on a 1938 visit to Washington, D.C., greeting the, Dr. Pedro FragaGrau remained president for just over before Batista, conspiring with the U.S.
Envoy, forced him to resign in January 1934. Grau was replaced by, and within five days the U.S. Recognized Cuba's new government, which lasted eleven months.
Batista then became the strongman behind a succession of puppet presidents until he was elected president in 1940. After Mendieta, succeeding governments were led by (5 months) and (7 months) before ruled from December 1936 to October 1940. First presidency (1940–1944).
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( bohio) dwellings in Havana, Cuba in 1954, just outside Havana baseball stadium. In the background is advertising for a nearby casino.In 1952, Batista again ran for president. In a three-way race, of the led in all the polls, followed by of the. Batista's United Action coalition was running a distant third.On March 10, 1952, three months before the elections, Batista, with army backing,. He ousted outgoing President, canceled the elections and took control of the government as a provisional president. The United States recognized his government on March 27.
When asked by the U.S. Government to analyze Batista's Cuba, saidThe corruption of the Government, the brutality of the police, the government's indifference to the needs of the people for education, medical care, housing, for social justice and economic justice. Is an open invitation to revolution. Economy of Cuba Upon his seizure of power, Batista inherited a country that was relatively prosperous for Latin America. Although a third of the population still lived in poverty, Cuba was one of the five most developed countries in the region, according to the figures of the government of Batista. In the 1950s, Cuba's (GDP) per capita was roughly equal to that of Italy at the time, although Cuba's per-capita GDP was still only a sixth of that of the United States. Moreover, although corruption and inequality were rife under Batista, Cuban industrial workers' wages rose significantly.
According to the, the average industrial salary in Cuba was the world's eighth-highest in 1958, and the average agricultural wage was higher than some European nations. However, despite an array of positive indicators, in 1953, the average Cuban family only had an income of $6.00 a week, 15% to 20% of the labor force was chronically unemployed, and only a third of the homes had running water. Relationship with organized crime. Constantino Arias' photo titled Ugly American, showing a 1950s Batista-era tourist in Havana, Cuba.flourished. A major industry grew up around them; government officials received bribes, policemen collected protection money. Prostitutes could be seen standing in doorways, strolling the streets, or leaning from windows. One report estimated that 11,500 of them worked their trade in Havana.
Beyond the outskirts of the capital, beyond the slot machines, was one of the poorest, and most beautiful countries in the Western world. — David Detzer, American journalist, after visiting Havana in the 1950sThroughout the 1950s, Havana served as 'a hedonistic playground for the world's elite', producing sizable gambling, prostitution and drug profits for the, corrupt law-enforcement officials, and their politically elected. In the assessment of the Cuban-American historian Louis Perez, 'Havana was then what has become.' Relatedly, it is estimated that by the end of the 1950s the city of Havana had 270 brothels. In addition, drugs, be it or, were so plentiful at the time that one American magazine in 1950 proclaimed 'Narcotics are hardly more difficult to obtain in Cuba than a shot of.
And only slightly more expensive.' As a result, the playwright described Batista's Cuba in as 'hopelessly corrupt, a Mafia playground, (and) a bordello for Americans and other foreigners.In a bid to profit from such an environment, Batista established lasting relationships with, notably with American mobsters and, and under his rule Havana became known as 'the Latin '. Batista and Lansky formed a friendship and business relationship that flourished for a decade.
During a stay at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York in the late 1940s, it was mutually agreed that, in return for kickbacks, Batista would give Lansky and the control of Havana's racetracks and casinos. After World War II, Luciano was paroled from prison on the condition that he permanently return to. Luciano secretly moved to Cuba, where he worked to resume control over American Mafia operations. Luciano also ran a number of casinos in Cuba with the sanction of Batista, though the American government eventually succeeded in pressuring the Batista government to deport him.Batista encouraged large-scale gambling in Havana. In 1955, he announced that Cuba would grant a gaming license to anyone who invested US$1 million in a hotel or $200,000 in a new nightclub—and that the government would provide matching public funds for construction, a 10-year tax exemption, and waive duties on imported equipment and furnishings for new hotels.
Each casino would pay the government $250,000 for the license, plus a percentage of the profits. The policy omitted background checks, as required for casino operations in the United States, which opened the door for casino investors with illegally obtained funds. Cuban contractors with the right connections made windfalls by importing, duty-free, more materials than needed for new hotels and selling the surplus to others. It was rumored that, besides the $250,000 to obtain a license, an additional 'under the table' fee was sometimes required.Lansky became a prominent figure in Cuba's gambling operations, and exerted influence over Batista's casino policies.
The Mafia's was held on December 22, 1946, at the; this was the first full-scale meeting of American underworld leaders since the Chicago meeting in 1932. Lansky set about cleaning up the games at the Montmartre Club, which soon became the 'place to be' in Havana. He also wanted to open a casino in the Hotel Nacional, the most elegant hotel in Havana. Batista endorsed Lansky's idea over the objections of American such as, and the renovated casino wing opened for business in 1955 with a show.
The casino was an immediate success.As the new hotels, nightclubs, and casinos opened, Batista collected his share of the profits. Nightly, the 'bagman' for his wife collected 10% of the profits at casinos, the Sans Souci cabaret, and the casinos in the hotels Sevilla-Biltmore, Commodoro, Deauville, and Capri (partly owned by the actor ). His take from the Lansky casinos—his prized, the Hotel Nacional, the Montmartre Club, and others—was said to be 30%. Lansky was said to have personally contributed millions of dollars per year to Batista's Swiss bank accounts.
Support of U.S. Business and government. KennedyIn a manner that antagonized the Cuban people, the U.S. Government used its influence to advance the interests of and increase the profits of the private American companies, which 'dominated the island's economy'. By the late 1950s, U.S. Financial interests owned 90% of Cuban mines, 80% of its public utilities, 50% of its railways, 40% of its sugar production and 25% of its bank deposits—some $1 billion in total. According to historian Louis Perez, author of the book On Becoming Cuban, 'Daily life had developed into a relentless degradation, with the complicity of political leaders and public officials who operated at the behest of American interests.'
As a symbol of this relationship, an American-owned multinational telephone company, presented Batista with a, as an 'expression of gratitude' for the 'excessive telephone rate increase' that Batista granted at the urging of the U.S. Government., former U.S. Ambassador to Cuba, testified to the U.S. Senate in 1960 that, 'Until Castro, the U.S. Was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man, sometimes even more important than the Cuban president.' In addition, nearly 'all aid' from the U.S. To Batista's government was in the 'form of weapons assistance', which 'merely strengthened the Batista dictatorship' and 'completely failed to advance the economic welfare of the Cuban people'.
Such actions later 'enabled Castro and the Communists to encourage the growing belief that America was indifferent to Cuban aspirations for a decent life.' According to historian and author, the U.S. Government essentially became a 'co-conspirator' in the arrangement because of Batista's strong opposition to communism, which, in the rhetoric of the, seemed to maintain business stability and a pro-U.S. Posture on the island. Thus, in the view of Olson, 'The U.S. Government had no difficulty in dealing with him, even if he was a hopeless.'
On October 6, 1960 Senator, in the midst of his campaign for the U.S. Presidency, decried Batista's relationship with the U.S. Government and criticized the Eisenhower administration for supporting him:Fulgencio Batista murdered 20,000 Cubans in seven years. And he turned Democratic Cuba into a complete —destroying every individual liberty. Yet our aid to his regime, and the ineptness of our policies, enabled Batista to invoke the name of the United States in support of his reign of terror. Administration spokesmen publicly praised Batista—hailed him as a staunch ally and a good friend—at a time when Batista was murdering thousands, destroying the last vestiges of freedom, and stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the Cuban people, and we failed to press for free elections. Batista, Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution.
Batista with in Washington, D.C., riding in an parade, 1938I believe that there is no country in the world including any and all the countries under colonial domination, where economic colonization, humiliation and exploitation were worse than in Cuba, in part owing to my country's policies during the Batista regime. I approved the proclamation which Fidel Castro made in the Sierra Maestra, when he justifiably called for justice and especially yearned to rid Cuba of corruption. I will even go further: to some extent it is as though Batista was the incarnation of a number of sins on the part of the United States. Now we shall have to pay for those sins. In the matter of the Batista regime, I am in agreement with the first Cuban revolutionaries. That is perfectly clear.